It's the centrepiece of many a Regency romance, the attractive wooded park beside the soaring mansion, in which the heroine can flounce as the hero gallops up on a high-mettled steed, fresh from chasing down some innocent deer. Yet there's much more, in complexity and history, to the park than that, as S.A. Mileson explains in Parks in Medieval England. No dashing knights here, however, this is a monograph based on a PhD thesis and it does rather show - dashing it isn't, but there is an interesting story to tell here, and some fine anecdotes.
Milseon follows parks back to the Norman era - and suggests that they may well have had Anglo-Saxon predecessors, and is firm that their primary purpose was always hunting - specifically of deer. He spends quite a bit of this short monograph defending the claim that hunting was central to aristocratic life in the Middle Ages, saying that there is a revisionist strand of history claiming that it wasn't, although this always feels like a bit of a straw man.
Although that does allow for the telling of many compelling stories. I'll never look at Westminster quite the same way again after learning that:
During the celebrations for the coronation of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon at Westminster in 1509, eight bramble-clad knights presided over a group of men dressed as foresters or park-keepers, all in green clothes and complete with horns, who arranged a 'pageante like a park,' with artificial trees, undergrowth and fallow deer. The unfortunate deer were released from the enclosure and chased down by greyhounds in the palace grounds, their bodies presented to the queen and ladies.
Mileson identifies the great age of park-making as the 12th and 13th centuries, a period when the population of England "more than doubled and perhaps trebled," which put strain on hunting lands and particularly on deer populations. The native red and roe deer declined and large numbers of fallow deer were brought from the Continent.
When we think of hunting today we think of a long horseback chase, something that even the largest park would struggle to cope with, but as Mileson explains, it often took forms other than the par force chase., most of which you couldn't exactly call sporting. Often a group of beaters drove deer towards a trap or waiting archers. This seems to have been, Mileson notes, the primary method of hunting in pre-Conquest Britain, when hedges or "hays" were often used as traps. Deer could also be stalked on foot, something Henry V is supposed to have particularly enjoyed.
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